Aristogros knew that his rebellion was doomed, and he fled to Thrace, where he was later killed. The Milesians and others continued to defy Darius, and they placed their faith in their large fleet. The Persian commanders assembled a sizeable naval taskforce, crewed by their subject peoples, notably the Phoenicians. This armada sailed to Ionia and met the rebel fleet at Lade in BC. The larger Persian fleet utterly defeated the rebel navy [11]. By now, leaderless, the rebellion collapsed, and Ionia was reincorporated into the Persian Empire, and by BC, the last remnants of resistance to Darius had collapsed.
The Greek-city states managed to recover quickly, and they were soon able to secure a great level of autonomy. The Persian Empire was decentralized, and they did not seek to rule the Ionians directly.
Darius wanted the city-states to remain prosperous to continue to provide him with tribute and especially ships. The Persian Emperor was a farsighted ruler, and his policy of clemency was to prove to be successful. During the two invasions of Greece, the Ionians provided their Persian overlords with sailors and ships. The number of vessels would indicate that they had recovered rapidly after the revolt.
The cities continued to prosper for centuries, right down to the Byzantine Empire. They even remained culturally Greek for centuries. Ionia was one of the cradles of western philosophy and science. Ionia's wealth made this possible. Additionally, Ionia was influenced by Babylon and Egypt's intellectual traditions.
Here for the first time in the West, individuals offered explanations for the origin of the World without recourse to some deity. Thales from Miletus 6th century BC was probably the first philosopher and scientist in the western tradition. He argued that life came from the sea and was also an astronomer, and he successfully predicted an eclipse.
The philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras came from Samos. Xenophanes was another important philosopher who criticized Greek polytheism and was arguably the first monotheist. The great revolt did not destroy the region's flourishing intellectual life, as seen in the works of the great philosopher Heraclitus or the writings of the historian and geographer Hecateus.
However, the great revolt and the subsequent rule of tyrants forced many thinkers to leave. Moreover, philosophers no longer had the intellectual freedom or patronage required for their studies, and investigations and intellectual life declined in the decades after Darius crushed the revolt.
Many thinkers and scientists, after the collapse of the rebellion, traveled widely through the Greek World and spread the ideas of the Ionian awakening. These Ionians played a crucial part in developing philosophy in other parts of the Hellenic World, especially Athens. While the Ionian Revolt led to the end of the first stage of Ancient Greek philosophy, it contributed to a great flourishing in scientific investigation and metaphysical speculation elsewhere in the Hellenic World.
The Greek historian Herodotus argued that the Ionian Revolt was very important in history because it marked the beginning of the Greek-Persian Wars. The Athenians' and Eretians' involvement in the rebellion greatly angered Darius. The Ionian Revolt had destabilized a part of his Empire, and he feared a repeat of this in the future.
According to Herodotus, Darius ordered his servants to remind him, daily, of the Athenians and their role in the rebellion. However, the Persians had become concerned about potential unrest in the western reaches of their Empire. Athens had shown itself to be a threat to their interests, and it was feared that it could encourage more uprising in the future.
This was to lead to the first Persian Invasion of Greece. This can be considered a punitive expedition aimed at punishing those who supported the Ionian rebels.
In BC, a Persian amphibious force attacked several Greek cities and islands before landing near Athens. Therefore, the defeat at Marathon did not end the Persian ambitions to subdue the Greeks. Xerxes, Darius's successor, wanted to punish the Athenians but wanted to conquer all of Greece. He launched the second invasion of Greece, and he moved his army via the Balkans into the Hellenic territory but was later defeated on the sea at Salamis and the land at Platea.
It is highly likely that if it were not for the Ionian Revolt, there might not have been any Persian attacks on mainland Greece. This rebellion caused two significant wars, and these conflicts directly led to the rise of Athens and Sparta and weakened Persia. The Ionian Revolt was a doomed attempt to regain the independence of Greek city-states. It was, however, a serious challenge to the Persians, the superpower of the day. However, the Ionian cities were able to recover quickly because of Darius's clemency and pragmatism.
The city-states had changed, and they were no longer vibrant cultural centers. The revolt was the end of the Ionian Enlightenment. Still, it also helped spread its ideas around the Greek World, which was very important in the development of ancient philosophy and science. He tried to gain help from surrounding cities but failed. Aristagoras encouraged the Ionians to remove their leaders.
In response, many cities in the area rebelled and ousted their Persian rulers. Knowing that it would not be long until Darius retaliated, Aristagoras traveled to Sparta and appealed to King Cleomenes for aid.
When the Spartan leader learned of the distance his army would travel to reinforce the Ionians, he declined the request for aid. Aristagoras, now desperate for support, went to Athens for help. The Athenians, fearing an inevitable attack by the Persians, decided to support Aristagoras and sent twenty triremes along with five from Eretria.
The ships were moored at the port of Coressus and the soldiers followed the river Cayster to Sardis. The Allied Greek force marched into the city where they met little resistance.
As they marched deeper into the city, they finally engaged Artaphrenes ruler of Sardis who was defending the citadel. Not able to capture the citadel, the Ionians set the city ablaze and retreated to Ephesus. Persians troops in the area met the Greeks at Ephesus and massacred most of them. The remaining Ionians scattered to the surrounding cities. Despite the great setback of losing so many men, Aristagoras continued his fight against Persia.
Aristagoras sent part of his fleet to aid the Cyprians, but the Persians thoroughly defeated the Cyprian army. Darius I decided to attack Caria, a city with close ties to Miletus, Aristagoras' city. When the Carians learned of this plan, they ambushed the Persian army at night and annihilated it.
Four Persian generals died in the battle. Although their deaths were a great loss, Persia continued to reclaim cities. Seeing his rebellion collapse and fearing for his life, Aristagoras fled to Mycrinus. He gave command of Miletus over to Pythagoras, a mathematician. Aristagoras, frustrated with his failed rebellion, attacked the Thracians, but in time, he and his army were cut off and destroyed. After Aristagoras left Miletus, the Persian fleet sailed to Lade and destroyed the Greek fleet defending the city.
Darius and his army captured Miletus in BC After the city-state fell, the revolts in the Persian Empire crumbled, due to a lack of leadership. The revolt had several lasting effects. The Ionian enlightenment ended. Darius I's anger for Athens grew, because of the aid they provided to the Ionians, and gave him the incentive to invade Greece.
The rebellion had clearly shown that the empire was unstable, and vulnerable to internal conflicts. Grant, Michael. Atlas of Classical History.
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